A Lei Federal nº 11.284, de 2 de março de 2006, possibilita a transferência da gestão de florestas públicas do poder público para pessoas jurídicas, através de contratos de concessão, mediante licitação.
Originalmente, as atividades econômicas permitidas aos concessionários de concessões florestais resumiam-se ao manejo florestal sustentável (com exploração de produtos madeireiros e não madeireiros) e ecoturismo.
Atualmente, a partir da promulgação da Lei nº 14.590, de 24 de maio de 2023, passaram a ser permitidos como fontes de receita do concessionário desenvolver e comercializar projetos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais, contemplando a comercialização de créditos, com menção expressa aos créditos de carbono.
Esta inovação legislativa refletiu uma tendência que já vinha se desenhando a partir do reconhecimento de que as concessões florestais geram benefícios sociais e ambientais, na medida em que incrementam os investimentos em serviços e infraestrutura (favorecendo a geração de empregos e impactos socioeconômicos positivos às comunidades locais) e são ferramentas importantes para o monitoramento e conservação das florestas públicas, já que permitem uma ação mais eficaz contra atividades ilegais (tais como grilagem de terras, garimpo ilegal, desmatamento, incêndios florestais).
Em 2020, o Serviço Florestal Brasileiro (SFB) celebrou com o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento (BNDES) contrato para a prestação de serviços técnicos, voltado à estruturação e implementação de concessões florestais. À época, foram eleitas oito florestas públicas federais para concessão, sendo três na região sul (Paraná e Santa Catarina) e cinco no estado do Amazonas. Estes projetos estão em andamento, sendo o primeiro leilão previsto para realização no segundo semestre de 2023.
Ainda que não houvesse permissão legislativa expressa, o BNDES já havia anunciado a realização de estudos para modelagem de concessões florestais considerando como fonte de receita pagamentos por serviços ambientais (Request for Proposal (RFP) nº 07/2022). O Banco também divulgou linhas de financiamento específicas, visando a apoiar o desenvolvimento de projetos de investimento em concessões florestais (Programa BNDES Parques e Florestas), impulsionando a replicação desse cenário na esfera estadual.
São 309,7 milhões de hectares de florestas públicas federais, estaduais, municipais e do Distrito Federal, localizadas em diferentes biomas e regiões brasileiros, representando 36,3% do território nacional, sendo que, deste total, 31 milhões de hectares são florestas nacionais e estaduais que podem ser objeto de concessão florestal (Fonte: Hub de Projetos/BNDES).
Em paralelo, há tendência de avanço da regulação do mercado de carbono no Brasil, com potencial de criação de novas possibilidades de créditos que não estejam restritos às ações de redução de emissões por desmatamento e degradação florestal evitados (projetos REDD+) ou às ações de reflorestamento.
Essa também é uma tendência no mercado voluntário (não regulado), considerando a gravidade do contexto de mudanças climáticas e perda de biodiversidade em nível mundial, compelindo entidades públicas e privadas a reforçarem os estímulos para que as ações de preservação ambiental sejam intensificadas e aceleradas. A expectativa é que a simples manutenção das florestas seja passível de gerar créditos (sem necessidade de comprovar pressão de desmatamento ou ações de recuperação florestal).
Por fim, é importante destacar a tendência de surgimento de um mercado de créditos de biodiversidade, principalmente a partir das metas estabelecidas na última Conferência das Partes da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica, no âmbito das Nações Unidas, realizada em 2022, na cidade de Montreal/Canadá (COP15): conservar 30% da biodiversidade até 2030. Neste contexto, a preservação e, consequentemente, a gestão florestal, ganham ainda mais relevância, evidenciando que as concessões florestais têm significativo potencial de crescimento.
Quer conhecer as oportunidades em concessões florestais? Entre em contato.
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